Executive Compensation Telecom USA Essay Example

Executive Compensation Telecom USA Essay Contents Executive Summary Pay for performance remains an important driver for any organization which is ambitious and competitive. For this report the proxy statements of Compass(2012), Verizon(2012) and AtT(2013) were studied and salient similarities and differences were observed. I observed that the proxy statements of the telecoms/technology companies have stressed on creating shareholder value. In achieving this all the three have emphasized on high proportion of performance based pay. Clearly defined goals, grids and qualifying criteria have been illustrated with detail. This is how the company sends positive signals to the shareholders and the employees simultaneously. In all the three cases the compensation objective was around long- term goals and the interests of the companys shareholders, emphasis on managing the sustainability of the business and Align executives and shareholders interests. These objectives are supposed to be met by a compensation structure which has a balance between short and long term goal achievement (ATT), without incepting inappropriate risk taking (Compass). We will write a custom essay sample on Executive Compensation Telecom USA specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Executive Compensation Telecom USA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Executive Compensation Telecom USA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The compensation committee plays an important role in deciding compensation in terms of total compensation opportunity and the break-up of components of compensation. It also helps the board to recommends qualifying criteria and measures on which executives will be evaluated. Also some conclusion regarding the instrumentality of specific measures were reached. For example Compass compensation committee concluded that operating cash flow had the highest overall meaningful correlation to shareholder value over the long term. Also there are many metrics which help the company in aligning executives goals to its compensation policies. Metrics such as earnings per share, free cash flow, revenue, and return on invested capital connect compensation to company performance while total stockholder returns align executive pay with performance relative to key company peers. In deciding total compensation, the grouping of peers is an important activity of the compensation committee. The peers can be classified into these categories: Industry competitors in the same business (egg. For Compass Media and entertainment industry along with telecoms industry) Companies having comparable revenue and total market capitalization. Companies competing for same talent. Compass for example has recently acquired the entertainment company NBC Universal. This changed the peer group used for its compensation. The entertainment industry as well as the telecoms industry is now used in determining market position in compensation. For Verizon the competitors are 29 companies in based on market capitalization, net income, revenue and total employees) plus Verizons four largest industry competitors that are not included in the DOD Jones Industrial Average. For ATT companies are selected based on similarity to ATT in terms of size and/or industry, ability of the company to compete with ATT for talent, ND similarity to Jobs at ATT in terms of complexity and scope of officer positions. Compass has stressed more on in hand cash based incentive, and has not tied a large proportion of compensation to the stock based awards (compared to Verizon/ATT). But the cash based yearly bonus can be achieved only after a minimum performance threshold is achieved. This can be attributed to the higher risk involved in the recent times following their merger with Universal. In terms of total compensation they want to target a higher percentile than ATT and Verizon, sending a signal that Geiger risk should be seen as bigger opportunity. Some correction was also done after the compensation committee decided to include Media and Entertainment Industry in the peer comparison after this merger. Also, there is a unique way Compass analyses its peers compensation data. They view compensation expenses as The portion of the companys operating cash flow, free cash flow and operating income that we use to pay this compensation. This shows that they compare the relative proportion of compensation spending, not the absolute value while determining percentile position with respect to peers. Keeping long term hardheaded interest in mind the companies have set performance targets and provide compensation elements that closely align executives interests with those of stockholders. For example, at AT performance shares, which make up nearly 33% of target compensation for the CEO and the Named Executive Officers, are tied to multi-year Company performance and the companys stock price. In addition, ATT has executive stock ownership guidelines and retention requirements. Each of the Named Executive Officers meets or exceeds the minimum stock ownership guidelines. 1. 1 The following table gives a comparative description of the insemination information biblically available. ATT COMPASS VERIZON PEER GROUP USED TO DECIDE COMPENSATION 1) similarity to ATT in terms of size and/or industry, 2)ability of the company to compete with ATT for talent, 3) and similarity to Jobs at ATT in terms of complexity and scope of officer positions 1) Companies in the entertainment/media industry (CBS Corporation, News Corporation, Time Warner Inc. , Fiasco Inc. And The Walt Disney Company) 2) companies in the transmission/distribution industry (ATT Inc. , DIRECTIVE, Inc. , Quest Communications International Inc. , Sprint Next Corporation, Time Warner Cable, Inc. D Verizon Communications Inc. ) 3) general industry companies having comparable revenue and total market capitalization 1) 29 companies in the DOD Jones Industrial Average (similarly-sized companies other than Verizon, based on market capitalization, net income, revenue and total employees) 2) Plus Verizons four largest industry competitors that are not included in the DOD Jones Industrial 92% of the Chief Executive Officers compensation and, on average, 87% of other Named Executive Officer compensation is tied to Company performance, including stock price. Total performance-based compensation in 2011 was 54% to 74% for arioso named executive officers. Base salary: 10% Short Term Incentive : 20% Long Term incentive : 70% COMPONENTS OF SALARY 1) Base Pay 2) Short Term award 3) Long term in the form of RSI and US l)cash base salary; 2) annual (short-term) cash bonus 3)long-term equity-based compensation in the form of stock options 4) and RSI (which generally are performance-based) 1) Base salary 2) Short term yearly award earned on achieving goals 3) long-term incentive awards consist of Us and RSI. The 2011 Us are payable in cash and the 2011 RSI are payable in Verizon shares. SHORT TERM INCENTIVE or AWARDS CRITERIA Revenue, Earnings per Share, and Free Cash Flow (Year on year targets) On achieving a 5% to 6. 9% year-over-year increase in consolidated operating cash flow, the named executive officer would receive 67% of the service vested portion of the award; and on achieving a 7% or greater increase, the named executive officer would receive 100% of the service vested portion of the award. CRITERIA Adjusted PEPS Revenue 25% Free cash Flow Diversity 5% TARGETS An adjusted PEPS target range of $2. 8 to $2. 21; A consolidated total revenue target range of $112. 7 billion to $113. 4 billion; A unconsolidated free cash flow target range of $13. 8 billion to $15. 4 billion A diversity target of (I) having 50% of new hires and promotions at and above the manager level consist of minority and female candidates, and (it) directing at least 13% of the overall supplier spending at the c orporate level to minority- and female-owned or operated firms. LONG TERM INCENTIVE or AWARDS COMPOSITION 50% performance shares and 50% restricted stock units. CRITERIA: 75% on ROCCO 25% on TSR compared to the Standard and Poors 100 Index COMPOSED OF: both stock options and RSI, whereby each type of award presented approximately 50% of the total equity award by grant date value, as determined on a Black-Schools basis in the case of stock options and using the closing price of a share of the companys Class A common stock in the case of RSI. TSR during the three-year performance cycle must rank at least 16th, or at the 55th percentile (above median), among the members of the Related DOD Peers in order to earn 100% of the target number of US. TARGET PERCENTILE Executive officers base salaries are targeted to the market 50th percentile, total target cash compensation (base pay + short-term incentive) and long-term grants are regarded to the market 62nd percentile 1) Compensation to be competitive with the entertainment/media peer group and 2) at the 75th percentile for the communications and general industry peer groups. 50th percentile of compensation levels for similar positions at the Related DOD Peers AT 2 2. 1 Background During 2012, they continued to execute on their strategic goals, strengthened balance sheet, and expanded G network. AT delivered record performance of $127. 4 billion in revenues and $19. 4 billion in free cash flow (as defined on page 38), which allowed it to meet or exceed all of its short-term incentive targets. They also exceeded the goals for long-term program, delivering 43. 0% in total stockholder return over the three-year period ending December 31 , 2012, outperforming the DOD Jones Industrial Average and the Standard Poors 100 and 500 for that period. Companys executives reflect this strong performance and closely aligned the interests of management with those of stockholders. . 2 Compensation Philosophy Competitive and Market Based: Evaluate all components to attract, retain, and provide appropriate incentives for officers in a highly competitive talent market. Pay- or-performance: Tie a significant portion of compensation to the achievement of Company and business unit goals Balanced Short- and Long-Term Focus: Ensure that compensation programs and packages provide an appropriate bala nce between the achievement of short- and long-term performance objectives, with a clear emphasis on managing the sustainability of the business. Alignment with Stockholders: Set performance targets and provide compensation elements that closely align executives interests with those of stockholders. For example, performance shares, which make up nearly 33% of target compensation for the CEO and the Named Executive Officers, are tied to multi-year Company performance and the companys stock price. In addition, AT has executive stock ownership guidelines and retention requirements. Each of the Named Executive Officers meets or exceeds the minimum stock ownership guidelines. Alignment with Generally Accepted Approaches 2. The achievements for 2012 Stockholder Returns 17. 5% total stockholder return outperforming the DOD Jones Industrial Average and the Standard Poors 100 and 500 Returned $23 billion in cash to stockholders, Increased the quarterly dividend for the 29th consecutive year Financial Performance Strength Record $127. 4 billion in consolidated revenues Approximately 80% of revenues from ongoing operations in 2012 cam e from the companys growth drivers wireless, hireling data and managed IT services growing nearly 6% Record $39. Billion in cash from operations, #1 in the industry Record $19. 4 billion in free cash flow (cash from operations of $39. 2 billion minus construction and capital expenditures of $19. 7 billion), which is one of the factors the company uses in determining the companys short-term incentive awards for executive officers Invested approximately $20 billion in capital expenditures and picture purchases to expand and upgrade the companys network capabilities for customers in the United States and around the globe Refinanced $12 billion in debt to take advantage of historically low interest rates 2. The highlights of 2012 compensation are: Pay for Performance 92% of the Chief Executive Officers compensation and, on average, 87% of other Named Executive Officer compensation is tied to Company performance, including stock price. Stock Ownership Guidelines All executive officer s meet or exceed the guidelines, which count only vested shares. Mr Stephenson holds shares and deferred shares valued in excess of 22 times his salary; well above his required 6 times multiple. Hold Until Retirement Executive officers must now hold 25% of the shares they receive from incentive, equity, and option awards, net of taxes, until one year after they leave the company. Mitigate Risk in Compensation Programs The Committee reviews a risk analysis of the companys incentive-based compensation programs annually and believes that the companys programs do not create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse impact on the company. Dividend Equivalents Payable at the End of the Performance Period and Only on Earned Performance Shares. 2. 5 Target for 2015 is Expand G LET to 300 million people by end-of-year 2014 Bring fiber to 1 million additional business customer locations by end-of-year 201 5 Expand the availability of IP broadband, including I-I-verse, to approximately 75% of customer locations in the companys hireling service area by end-of-year 201 5 2. Break Up of total compensation opportunity Base Salary: This is decided according to market value for his or her Job. In 2012 there was a correction of +2. 4%. This increment was based on performance and actual salary compared to market. Short term target: Based on individual performance; contribution to overall Company results; and attainment of business unit goals, including financial, customer service, and growth targets.

What Black Hollywood Says About the Oscars

What Black Hollywood Says About the Oscars The Academy Awards is one of the biggest nights of the year in Hollywood, but something is often lacking: diversity. The nominees are often dominated by white actors and directors and this did not go unnoticed in minority communities. In 2016, many African Americans chose to boycott the ceremony and, because of that, the Academy has made vowed to make changes. What spurred this movement and what did black actors have to say about it? More importantly, have there been any modifications to the voting process since then? The Oscars Boycott Actress Jada Pinkett Smith called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars on January 16 because each of the 20 nominations in the acting categories went to white actors. It marked the second year in a row that no people of color received Oscar acting nods, and the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite trended on Twitter. Supporters of actors like Idris Elba and Michael B. Jordan felt particularly slighted that these men weren’t honored for their performances in â€Å"Beasts of No Nation† and â€Å"Creed,† respectively. Film fans also argued that directors of both films- men of color- deserved nods. The former film’s director, Cary Fukunaga, is half-Japanese, while the latter film’s director, Ryan Coogler, is African American. As she called for an Oscars boycott, Pinkett Smith said, â€Å"At the Oscars†¦people of color are always welcomed to give out awards†¦even entertain.  But we are rarely recognized for our artistic accomplishments. Should people of color refrain from participating altogether?† She wasn’t the only African American actor to feel this way. Other entertainers, including her husband, Will Smith, joined her in the boycott. Some also pointed out that the film industry generally needs a diversity overhaul. Here’s what black Hollywood had to say about the Oscars’ race problem. The Oscars Aren’t the Problem Viola Davis has never been one to hold back when discussing social issues such as race, class,  and gender. She spoke about the lack of opportunities for actors of color when she made history in 2015 by becoming the first African American to win an Emmy for best actress in a drama. Asked about the lack of diversity among the 2016 Oscar nominees, Davis said the issue went beyond the Academy Awards. â€Å"The problem is not with the Oscars, the problem is with the Hollywood movie-making system,† Davis said. â€Å"How many black films are being produced every year? How are they being distributed? The films that are being made- are the big-time producers thinking outside of the box in terms of how to cast the role? Can you cast a black woman in that role? Can you cast a black man in that role? †¦You can change the Academy, but if there are no black films being produced, what is there to vote for?† Boycott Films That Don’t Represent You Much like Davis, Whoopi Goldberg blamed the all-white 2016 Oscar nominees in acting on the film industry rather than the Academy. â€Å"The issue is not the Academy,† remarked Goldberg on ABC’s â€Å"The View,† which she co-hosts. â€Å"Even if you fill the Academy with black and Latino and Asian members, if there’s no one on the screen to vote for, you’re not going to get the outcome that you want.† Goldberg, who won an Oscar in 1991, said that for actors of color to land more prominent roles in films, directors and producers must be diversity-minded. They must recognize that films with no cast members of color miss the mark. â€Å"You wanna boycott something?† she asked viewers. â€Å"Don’t go see the movies that don’t have your representation. That’s the boycott you want.† Not About Me Will Smith acknowledged that the fact he didn’t earn a nomination for his role in â€Å"Concussion† might have contributed to his wife’s decision to boycott the Oscars. But the twice-nominated actor insisted that this was far from the only reason Pinkett Smith chose to boycott. â€Å"Had I been nominated and no other people of color were, she would have made the video anyway,† Smith told ABC News. â€Å"We’d still be here having this conversation. This is so deeply not about me. This is about children that are going to sit down and they’re going to watch this show and they’re not going to see themselves represented.† Smith said that it feels like the Oscars are heading in â€Å"the wrong direction,† as the Academy is overwhelmingly white and male and, thus, doesn’t reflect the country. â€Å"We make movies, it’s not that serious, except that it plants seeds for dreams,† Smith said. â€Å"There’s a disharmony that is brewing in our country and in our industry that I want no part to that. †¦Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Listen, we need a seat in the room; we don’t have a seat in the room, and that’s what is most important.† Its also interesting to note that Smith has received two Oscar nominations in his career. One was for Ali (2001) and the other for The Pursuit of Happyness (2006). Will Smith has never won an Oscar. Academy Not the Real Battle Filmmaker and actor Spike Lee announced on Instagram that he would sit out the Oscars, despite winning an honorary Oscar in 2015. â€Å"How is it possible for the second consecutive year all 20 contenders under the actor category are white? And let’s not even get into the other branches. Forty white actors and no flava [sic] at all. We can’t act?! WTF!!† Lee then cited the words of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.: â€Å"There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular, but he must take it because conscience tells him it’s right.† But like Davis and Goldberg, Lee said that the Oscars weren’t the source of the real battle. That battle is â€Å"in the executive office of the Hollywood studios and TV and cable networks,† he said. â€Å"This is where the gatekeepers decide what gets made and what gets jettisoned to ‘turnaround’ or scrap heap. People, the truth is we ain’t in those rooms and until minorities are, the Oscar nominees will remain lily white.† A Simple Comparison Chris Rock, the host of the 2016 Oscars, gave a succinct but telling response about the diversity controversy. After the nominations were released, Rock took to Twitter to say, â€Å"The #Oscars. The White BET Awards.† The After Effects Following the backlash in 2016, the Academy did make changes and the 2017 Oscar nominees did include people of color. They have taken steps to add diversity to their Board of Governors and vowed to include more women and minorities among its voting members 2020. Moonlight, with its African American cast took home  the honor of best picture in 2017 and actor Mahershala Ali won best supporting actor. He was also the first Muslim actor to ever win an Oscar. Viola Davis took best supporting actress for her role in Fences and Troy Maxson was nominated in the lead role for the same movie. For the 2018 Oscars, the biggest news was that Jordan Peele received a best director nomination for Get Out. He is only the fifth African-American in Academy history to receive this honor. Overall, it seems that the Academy heard the passionate voices and has made steps toward progress. Whether or not we will see another #OscarsSoWhite trend, only time will tell. There is also a conversation about expanding the diversity beyond African Americans and hopes that more Latinos, Muslims, and actors of other minorities can be well-represented as well. As the stars have noted, Hollywood needs to change as well. The 2018 release of Black Panther and its predominantly African American cast, was quite the buzz. Many people have said that its more than a movie, its a movement.

Are e-cigarettes a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking Should Research Paper

Are e-cigarettes a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking Should they be used as nicotine replacement - Research Paper Example tes is the smoke that is emitted during smoking, e-cigarettes are seem to be effective since they do not burn to produce smoke and the amount of chemicals they emit is a fraction of what the regular cigarette emits (Caponnetto, Russo et al., 2014). Electronic cigarettes are environment friendly since they are free of smoke, produce no ash, and there is no risk of causing a fire. The paper discusses the differences between regular cigarettes and electronic cigarettes and will suggest possible advantages of the electronic cigarettes for human health. Electronic cigarettes have been described as healthy alternatives to tobacco cigarettes by their producers. As tobacco addiction is reported to be one of the leading causes of preventable premature deaths due to numerous cases of cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung and ischemic heart disease, more and more smokers are concerned about their health (Caponnetto et al., 2013). Electronic cigarettes have gained enormous popularity among the smokers who want to get rid of tobacco addiction. Electronic cigarettes, also referred as vaporizer cigarettes, due to their specific construction do not cause such heavy health dangers, and thus they tend to be less harmful than tobacco smoking (Etter, 2010). These cigarettes release minimal water vapor that does not include nicotine, and, therefore, it is considered to be safe for human health. Small batteries usually power the e-cigarette, and the not only healthier but also more convenient for smokers. This paper examines what e-c igarettes are made of and makes the research on the advantages of using e-cigarettes instead of regular cigarettes. It also focuses on the fact that e-cigarettes are healthy and users who want to quit smoking can use them as an efficient replacement of nicotine. E-cigarettes are effective since the individuals who want to keep on smoking can easily do it in public, and it will have no effects on the non-smokers. Even though e-cigarettes

OBSERVATION 5 OBSERVING KINDERGARTEN CLASSROOM Essay

OBSERVATION 5 OBSERVING KINDERGARTEN CLASSROOM - Essay Example Inside the class, the children were gossiping with one another and making a lot of noise. Some were even banging their desks while others started to take out their notebooks and pencils from their bags. The teacher asked the children to be quiet so that she could take the roll call but the children would not listen. The teacher then shouted at the top of her voice saying, â€Å"Be quiet!† and also clapped the rostrum with her palm loudly to gain the children’s attention. Suddenly, there was pin-drop-silence. Some children looked terrified while others put their fingers on their lips. The teacher called the students â€Å"a mess† and similar rude words. Once everybody was quiet, the teacher then started taking the roll call. It was the kindergarten classroom and the average age of the children was 5 years. They were 25 children in total. The teacher made a very rational approach in transiting from the exercise activity to the classroom activity. She asked the children to arrange themselves in a line. This not only organized the children so that they could move toward the class in a disciplined way, but also saved the teacher’s time and energy that would have otherwise been consumed in guiding the scattered children toward the classroom. The children even looked very disciplined when arranged in the form of a line. While the teacher’s approach here was very praiseworthy, her way of getting the children’s attention in the classroom was just as much indecent and unsophisticated. She looked struggling very hard to gain their attention and she even had to bang the rostrum and shout at the top of her voice to make them quiet. She was loud enough to be heard shouting outside the classroom as well. Her shouting even terrified the children. This not only broke her emotional connection with the children but might also have set a bad impression on the other teachers who had heard her shout. Rather than shouting, the teacher could have easily

Complete the Critical Response Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Complete the Critical Response Paper - Assignment Example The rule of the majority is indeed the very premise of democracy and this is the reason why it is successful. The different kinds of democracy are representative and direct. Direct democracy deals with a political system where citizens can have their say through voting in public affairs while the indirect form of democracy is that form of the democratic government which sees that the people elect their representatives to rule for their own interests and hence participate in elections to select a government of their own (Sen 1999). One should believe that the democracy that exists within America is more representative than being direct as they hold fast on to the adage of democracy more than any other alternative. The element of consensus exists within democracy which is known as consensus democracy. Direct democracy is actually referendum while representative democracy is through elected representatives. References Sen, A (1999). "Democracy as a Universal Value". Journal of Democracy , 10 (3): 3–17

Terrorist Attack On World Trade Center Media Essay

Terrorist Attack On World Trade Center Media Essay This paper is about how media cover and communicate important events. The term communication is strongly bound with mass media in a way by which the coverage of the media can change the information itself. In this paper I am going to analyze how media covered and communicated the terrorist attack of 9th September 2001 at the World Trade Center in Manhattan downtown and to inform the reader of this paper the role that mass media had. When I say, how media communicated this event, I mean which were the images that media showed and how explained them to the audience, also what kind of language media used and what were the emotions that media conveyed to the audience. Introduction Through history, all over the world had been many terrorist attacks. Some of them we know and still remember because of the extensive coverage from media. For the others, the large amount of people does not know them because media did not communicated them, thus mass communication which is a tool in hands of media can change viewpoints, believes or even shape cultures. What happened the day of 09/11/2001 A normal day had just started and nobody could possibly new what it was going to happen that day. The flight 11, from Boston to Los Angeles, took off at 7:59 am with 76 passengers, 5 terrorists and 11 crew members on board (AMERICAN AIRLINES FLIGHT 11). While in the same time another plain was getting ready for takeoff, it was the flight 175, from Boston to Los Angeles. The second flight, which had 50 passengers, 5 terrorist and 9 people crew personnel, was in the air at 8:14 am (UNITED AIRLINES FLIGHT 175). At 8:19 am was the first alert from flight 11, when flight attendances inform ground personnel that the plain had been hijacked, and the American Airlines notified FBI. At 8:24 am Mohammed Atta one of the five hijackers, of the flight 11, communicated accidentally with the ground personnel. Sixteen minutes later, at 8:40 am, the North American Aerospace Defense Command and Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) were informed from the Federal Aviation Administration about the hijack ing in flight 11. The response of NEADS was, to send two aircraft to locate and to escort the flight 11. Unfortunately the two send aircrafts did not found flight 11 in time and at 8:46 am the north tower of World Trade Center was struck by the plane between the floors 93 to 99. 9:02 am Port Authority officials ordered to evacuate both towers from public address system, while the next minute the south tower of the World Trade Center was struck by a second plane, flight 175, between the floors 75 to 85. Few minutes later the Federal Aviation Administration stopped every takeoff and flight around Manhattan and at 9:21 am the Port Authority closes every tunnel and bridge in the Yew Your City. At 9:42 for the first time in US history the Federal Aviation Administration decides to land all aircrafts all over the US airspace for security reasons. For two and a half hours 4500 flights from which some were commercial and others were private, were guided from US to Canada. At 9:59 am the sou th tower of the World Trade Center collapsed and twenty-nine minutes later the north tower also collapsed. The mayor Rudolph Giuliani at 11 oclock ordered to evacuate the Lower Manhattan south of Canal Street, an area which includes more than 1 million people (9/11: Timeline of Events). The official report of this terrorist attack was that in both towers the number of victims was 2016. Also, 403 victims were found among firefighters, NYPD officers and port authority police officers and the vast majority of the victims were between 35 to 39 years old (September 11 by Numbers). How media covered this event Television As we know television is the most massive channel among the media which brings instantly the information to the audience by providing live images, comments, sounds, emotions, interviews from eyewitness and different viewpoints. All these together contribute to shape an opinion and convey it to the audience. The terrorist attack on the world trade center became instantly the number one news almost in every country of the world. International and local TV stations stopped their fixed program with breaking news and started broadcasting live images and information from the world trade center. CNN CNN stopped its program and started with a full screen of the flaming tower and at the down side of the screen the title WORLD TRADE CENTER DISASTER and also below the title were the live stock market price of Down Jones, SP 500 and NASDAQ. Few seconds after the first impression that people perceived the presenter of news started explaining what was happening and provided additional information that were not confirmed yet while her voice tone was calm and clear. The CNN covered this event with two presenters explaining the event, providing information and asking questions to interviewers. The pattern was to contact with people who were in different places and saw the first impact on the tower. The first eyewitness, who talked and gave the first information about the event, was a CNN producer. With calm voice, he first talked about a plane which crashed on the world trade center. Immediately the title changed and became PLANE CRASHED INTO WORLD TRADE CENTER TOWER while, the camera sta yed frozen on the flaming tower. The other interviewers were every-day people who saw the impact from their home, work and from the street. They were under emotional strain, distress and shock. In the mean while the presenters were mention frequently that the images were live. When the second plane crashed into the second tower the cameraman zoom out and after while we saw in slow motion the second plane hitting the tower and getting burned in it. After the slow motion, the camera zoomed at the flames and the smoke that was coming out of buildings. When the towers started collapsing one after another the CNN covered it live and from a camera down on the street started broadcasting images from the place of the tragedy. The images were from people who had been injured and had blood everywhere on their body, while their faces were black from the dust and the blood, they were scared people under shock who were screaming and looking for their relatives (Cnn 09 11 2001 Live Unedited Cnn N ews Coverage Of Wtc Attacks From 8 50Am To 11 30Am 911 Cnn Footage) BBC BBC covered this event in a totally different way from CNN. On BBC the first thing that the audience saw was the presenter who started explaining what had happened. For a while she was repeating the same and the same that an aircraft had crashed into the WTC and the worlds that she was using were dramatically, such as explosions still taking place, something that we could not see, chaos and panic. Furthermore, the presenter was saying frequently that a plane has crashed into the WTC. BBC also had a helicopter coverage in a long distance from the WTC and they lost the second hit, and BBC showed just the result of the hit and nobody could understood what had happened. After a while, BBC showed the second plane crashed into the second tower, and the presenter characterized the timing and the area that the attack took place busy time and in busy blocks. BBC showed many times the second plane crashing on the WTC and in every time the presenter was using dramatic language which convey pani c and terror to the audience. A BBC correspondent also said that the WTC had been targeted by terrorists in 1993 when a bomb had exploded. The first eyewitness was Ash Rajan, who was in the lowest floors of the WTC at the time of the first impact. With clear voice he demonstrated the events as he had experienced them but he was using dramatic worlds such as panic, huge explosion, tremendous pole of smoke and looked like a tornado. The presenter interrupted him just few times and asked him a few questions like, if he saw the plane and what people thought when they saw fires to come out of the building. The second interviewer also explained what she saw and experienced in dramatic tone and language, by using words like people screaming and panic. Additionally, the angle of the camera or the camera lens or both of them were set up in a way that the images were dark and the camera was zooming just the two flaming towers and the dark smoke in the background was. In the same way were the images that BBC broadcasted when the towers started collapsing one after another and the dust went everywhere and covered everything but because of the camera lens the images looked like the whole downtown Manhattan was under attack (BBC World FULL TV Coverage September 11, 2001 Part 1, 2, 3, 5, 8) Newspapers Another important medium for mass communication are newspapers. Newspapers come the next day of every event and covered it in depth, by providing additional information and stressing details. Newspaper is considered as a portable medium which its audience carries it around and spend time and effort to read it. Thus this mass communication medium can also shape or even change viewpoints of an event. The Arizona Republic, published in Phoenix, USA In the front-page of this newspaper the first thing that the audience will see the world TERROR in capital and bold font. Then the two pictures, the first one which was the main picture of the front-page depicted the moment just before the second plane hits the second tower and the other depicted some people running away from the dust when one of the two towers collapsed (TERROR Thousands dead as hijacked jets slam Trade Center, Pentagon). Los Angeles Times, published in Los Angeles, USA Los Angeles Times had into their front-page as a heading TERRORISTS ATTACK NEW YOURK, PENTAGON and just below this a subheading in smaller font Thousands Dead, Injured as Hijacked U.S. Airliners Ram Targets; World Trade Center Is Destroyed. In the front-page there were also two pictures at the same size from which the first illustrated the moment before the plane hit the tower and the other picture illustrated the moment just after the impact, the explosion, and at the background we could saw the fist-shaken tower. Additional, article-titles that we could saw just below of the two pictures were A Struggle to Escape Fiery Chaos, President Shoulders Historic Weight and the Choreography of Carnage Was Precisely Timed, FBI Says (TERRORISTS ATTACK NEW YORK, PENTAGON). San Francisco Examiner, published in San Francisco, USA This newspaper had in its front-page just one large photography which illustrated the moment that the plane crashed into the tower and get burned in it, when the smoke and the fire was coming out of the building as one entity. The newspaper had emphasized on the colors to make the image more impressive and alive. Also, we could clearly see the debris falling from collision point. The main title, which was placed above this photo, was the world BASTARDS and just below the photo another title colored in red stated A CHANGED AMERICA (BASTARDS!) Hartford Courant, published in Hartford, USA The first thing that the readers could instantly see on this newspaper was the large heading in capital font which stated ACT OF WAR. Then the main picture of the front-page depicted a man who was holding a fire extinguisher and was walking in the middle of the debris and at the background were two segments from the towers that had collapsed. The colors were blurry and the only thing that was distinguished was the fire extinguisher which was vivid red. Then the subheading, which was between the main title and the picture, and stated WITH CHILLING PRECISION, TERRORISTS DELIVER DEATH AS AMERICA WATCHES HELPLESSLY. On the bottom of the front-page was the indexed-content and at its right side were placed article related with the terrorist attack and in which page each article was (ACT OF WAR). The Washington Post, published in Washington, USA Washington Post had as its main title Terrorists Hijack 4 Airlines, Destroy World Trade Center, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead and below it in the center of the front-page we could see two pictures one below the other and text at the two sides. The first picture illustrated the second plane just before it hit the second tower, while the other tower was in fire and black smoke was coming out of the shaken spot. The second picture was about the hit at the Pentagon, both pictures were very dark and the images were not so clear. At the right side of the pictures there was the subheading Bush Promises Retribution; Military Put on Highest Alert and below it follows the article. At the bottom of the front-page there were three different articles by which the first has as a title On Flight 77: Our Plane Is Being Hijacked, the second one has title U.S. Intelligence Point To Bin Laden Network and the last one has as a title I Saw Bodies Falling Out- Oh, God, Jumping, Falling (Terrorists Hijack 4 Airlines, Destroy World Trade Center, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead). Daily News, published in New York, USA Daily News had in its front-page just a large picture which depicted the second plane just before it hits the second tower. The main title was on the picture in red font and it was stating ITS WAR (DAY OF TERROR). International Herald Tribune, published in Paris, France This newspapers front-page we could see in the main picture the point just before the second shaken into the second tower and just below it we could see a picture of President Bush when he was talking at the media about the terrorists attacks. In the right side of the Bushs picture there was another picture which illustrated the two towers and it was giving detailed information about the height and the impact side of each plane in each tower. Also, this newspaper could be characterized as grayness because its front-page was just black and white (TERROR STRIKES AMERICA). The Times, published in London, UK This front-page has nothing more than a photography in which we could see what was happening in downtown Manhattan minutes after the first tower collapsed. We could see the city being disappeared within the smoke and dust (10.02 am September 11 2001) The Daily Telegraph, published in London, UK The Daily Telegraph a Britannia newspaper had as a title in its front-page War on America and the image below illustrated the moment that the second plane exploded into the second tower of the WTC, while from the other tower was coming out dense black smoke which had covered the upper floors of the tower. The colors used to illustrate the explosion were keenly, and cause awe and fear (War on America). INTERNET The last five years the internet has faced a fast and unstoppable growth and development, and as the internet became cheaper, more and more people could afford it and thus the users community was enlarged. Internet became gradually the channel of the people because everyone can access in it, there are no limitations and borders, and everyone can express his /her thoughts and brings people together in a mental way and they can exchange their thoughts and viewpoints freely without any editing. A variety of websites, blogs, videos and images covers every event, independently from the other channels. The first scenario of 9/11 attack As I have already said the internet is accessible to everyone so someone could find in the internet a variety of different viewpoint. One interesting website is the 9/11 MEMORIAL. A website in which the internet-users can find information about the museum which is constructed in the memory of the victims. You also, can find the names of the victims and in which tower they lost their live. Additionally in this website you can find information about the volunteer activities within the museum (9/11 MEMORIAL). Another website which is the 9/11 Health. In this website the user can find information about the injured people of the attack, can learn how life changed for the children in the low Manhattan, how many people lost their relatives and how many people lost their occupation or their business just in few seconds. Moreover the user can have a clear view about the chronological order that those facts took place (9/11 Health). However, except from the information-websites about the facts of the tragedy there are other websites in which the content is totally different. For example Engineering Laboratory is a website which examines the structure and the constructions techniques were used to construct the two towers and how they collapsed in just a few hours after they were stricken (World Trade Center Disaster Study). Also, for that day there are many websites and blogs developed just to remind to the world what happened that day and why the people of the world should remember that day. For instance the website NEW MOBILITY has two stories about two different people who were working that bay within the WTC. Furthermore, in the internet we can find videos that people made and uploaded for that specific day. One of these videos is showing the moment that the first plane crashes into the first tower (Original footage of the 1st plane hitting the WTC). Another shows the emotions and the reaction that a group of students who were in their apartment and capture the second shaken (RARE HOME VIDEO OF 2ND PLANE WTC 2 IMPACT). Moreover, there are many videos which shows people jumping from the towers just to escape from the hellfire inside the building (9-11: People Jumping from World Trade Center (Warning: Graphic)), or one other got out of the building and started to climbed down when he lost his equilibrium and fell in vacuo (WTC person that tried to climb down wtc). Finally, we also can find and see videos at the WTC territory during the attacks, then officials and rescuers were working within the smoke and dust and they were wearing masks to breath, we can see the difficulty of their work i n order to rescue someone and to pull him out of the building (Inside World Trade Centre During Attack 9/11 before after North Tower). The second scenario of 9/11 attack As I have already said everyone have access into the internet and they can write freely their viewpoints. In the internet the user can find other thoughts, rumors and illustrated evidences to prove that the terrorist attack was an inside job. Thus the user can find videos in which there are evidences such as the flash at the second plane just before it hits the tower, a shadow at the bottom of the second plane (Slow motion of second plane crashing into south tower) and the way that the towers were collapsing, by examining how the debris were falling. By using these evidences and other more they are trying to prove that the terrorist attack was not a work of terrorists. (The world was lied to on 9/11/2001 by the U.S. Government and the Media. 9/11 INSIDE JOB!). Also, in the internet there are some questions that had been unanswered by the officials and these questions generate speculations and rumors. For example, it is officially recorded that the passengers of the Flight 11 had info rmed the ground about the hijacking, and the question that appears is how is this possible a passenger or crew personnel to use its self-phone, while the plane was hijacking? The answer that is found in the internet is that the plane was remote-controlled (The Attack on the World Trade Center Towers). Books By the stimuli of the WTC attack the book industry published several books which were dealing whit this historic event. Some of these books are by titles The World Trade Center: A Tribute (November 2001) by Bill Harris, the The 2001 World Trade Center Attack (January 2007) by Taylor booten Goodreads, the Another world is possible (2001) by Jonathan Cromwell Goodreads, the The World Trade Center Attack (2003) by Cengage Gale and the 9/11: The Simple Facts Why the official story cant possibly be true (August 2011) by Arthur Naiman. Communication effect Television The purpose of every communication is to convey information, emotions and viewpoints to the audience. Thus the communication of this specific event was made to accomplish communications principles. In this case, the fact was the terrorist attack on the world trade center but the information and the emotions that the audience perceived were quite different depending the channel that they chose to get informed. Now let us examine how the two main TV channels (BBC and CNN) covered and communicated the facts. The first different comes from the beginning and is the way that the two channels started broadcasting the event. CNN started by showing the flaming tower with a title which was referring to a disaster, while on the other hand the BBC started its breaking news with the presenter who briefly said what had happened and then broadcasted images from the flaming tower. In both TV channels the shown images were more or less the same but the main difference was during the presentation of the event, for example in CNN the presenter was saying frequently that the images were live, while on the BBC channel we did not hear it at all. CNN immediately started providing information about what was happening, while on the other hand the BBC presenter stated the event, that a plane had crashed into the WTC, and continuously repeated it without saying something new. This repeatability means two things firstly that the BBC had nothing new to say about this event or the presenter was shocked by this eve nt, which is the most reasonable speculation. Moreover, BBCs presenters were using dramatic language and were referring to words chaos and panic, busy time and busy blocks. These words when are heard by a news-presenter have greater value and people terrorized, while CNN presenters were calm and with a clear voice they were presenting the facts without terrorizing their audience as much as this was possible. Both channels contacted eyewitnesses from different places of the lower Manhattan area, and the presenters were asking questions about the event and how they experienced and perceived what had happened earlier in the day. Each channel continued the same pattern and with the eyewitnesses that each channel had invited for interview. On CNN the eyewitnesses were not using dramatic language as much as it was possible but they were expressing their emotions and what they had experienced and how. In contrary to the CNN, BBC invited eyewitnesses who did not conceal their panic. Moreove r, the first interviewer referred to another terrorist attack on the WTC in 1993. Both channels had their cameras concentrating on the flaming towers. Here is the main difference between these two channels: On the one hand the broadcasted images from BBC when the towers started collapsing were so dark that for people who had just opened their TV they reasonably could thought that Manhattan was collapsing and a huge area was totally destroyed, and because of the dark images you could not distinguish the smoke from the dust. On the other hand, if the same individuals switched on their TV on the CNN they would probably perceive the fact that a tower had just collapsed, because the broadcasted images were clear and the dust distinguished from the smoke. Furthermore, BBC was repeating the video which showed the second plane crashing into the second tower. Newspapers In the vast majority of the newspapers we could see more or less the same picture, which is just before the second plane hits the second tower of the WTC or the second just after the impact which illustrates the explosion. The main differences were in the main titles and the colors used which provided emphasis on different elements. The heading that Los Angeles Times used was TERRORISTS ATTACK NEW YOURK, PENTAGON and as a subheading Thousands Dead, Injured as Hijacked U.S. Airliners Ram Targets; World Trade Center Is Destroyed. This newspaper wrote about thousands of dead people and this title made various impressions and generated anger to the reader, especially when it was accompanied with pictures that showed what happened just before and after the moment of impact. One more newspaper which generated anger and made people look for revenge is the San Francisco Examiner, which had as a title the world BASTARDS and also placed emphasis on the colors of the main picture, making it loo k alive. Moreover, The Daily Telegraph is one more newspaper which caused fear to its readers because the main title stated WAR IN AMERICA and the picture that depicted the explosion of the plane into the tower also caused awe. Another newspaper which had used the same pattern of terrorizing people is The Washington Post. Its main title was Destroy World Trade Centre and Hundreds Dead and was followed by two dark pictures at the time of the impact. Also in this newspaper the reader could read about the promise that president Bush had given for retribution as well as other articles by using words from eyewitnesses which generated terror, such as the article with title I Saw Bodies Falling. However, some newspapers such as Hartford Courant emphasized on loneliness and uncertainty. The main picture illustrated a lonely man walking in the middle of the street among the ruins holding a bright red fire extinguisher and the title above this picture was AMERICA WATCHES HELPLESSLY. Internet On the internet as I have already said there are two different scenarios about this event but everyone admits that this event was a lesson and everyone who experienced this event have to remember these people who lost their lives on that bloody bay for humankind. Every video, picture and text are displayed in this way that it does not matter who was responsible for that tragedy. The important thing is that innocent people lost their lives at the WTC and nearby blocks. Images and words are placed in such way that people who experienced that day will remember it and for them those who lost their lives are appeared as heroes in some way. However, in the internet we could also read the conspiracy theories which make this event ambiguously. Conclusion So what is finally mass communication, a science or an art? The answer is quite simple. Mass communication is a science by which people get informed by different media and at the same time is an art because the way that the information is transmitted could change the information. In this case the event was straightforward. Two aircrafts crashed on the WTC and after the impact the crashed towers collapsed. But the information that the media broadcasted were the huge number of dead people which by itself generated anger and hatred, the lack of security, the fact that terrorists can hit every target that they want and finally the media proposed that this event was a reason for war and revenge in memory of the dead. Thus people in America were in favor of the war in Iraq and nobody can accuse them for these beliefs that they had, because they experienced terror that the media launched and grew this felling.

Is There Sufficient Evidence in Sources D-I to Explain Why the Troubles Broke Out in 1969? Essay

Introduction Throughout history England has ruled Ireland. For Over 300 years there has been conflict between Catholics and Protestants. The whole conflicts was rooted in religion, but within the last centaury the troubles have escalated to include political and economical issues for example; in 1921 Protestants set down things like the penal laws in the 17th centaury, Catholics were excluded from politics; they were treated as if they were below Protestants. Problems like this have led Catholics fighting for what they believe is right and for their equality, they have shown this in non-violent and violent forms one example is bloody Sunday in 1969. In 1918 Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. Ireland was split into three separate parties; Nationalists were home rule and to be part of the British Empire, Unionists were to be completely ruled by Britain, Sinn Fein were to be entirely independent with their own government and rules. In the following essay I am going to describe and evaluate sources D-I in telling us why violence erupted in 1969. I will be exploring the sources reliability, accuracy, whether it is fact, whether it is biased and basically discussing whether they are reliable evidence to show us exactly why the trouble did brake out in 1969. Source D Source D is an adaptation written by a Catholic civil rights spokes person named B Devlin in 1969. B Devlin based this piece of writing on how a young Roman Catholic school girl described her days. Source D tells the reader about how the vice principle of St Patrick’s Academy, Mother Benignus felt towards the English and protestants, as well as how she gave her opinion to the students of her school. Mother Benignus’s opinion was that protestants may have been powerful but they certainly were not Irish. This woman was brainwashing her students into learning about the ‘greatness’ of Catholics and Ireland and the ‘wonderful’ history behind it, making them believe that protestants and the English are horrible. Does Source D Show Why Violence Broke Out in 1969? Source D is biased therefore comes across as ‘anti-protestant’, there are no other point of views about protestants in this source. Because of this we can not trust B Devlin’s adaptation, it is not reliable; containing more of someone’s opinions rather than factual dates, times or places. The source does tell us that B Devlin adapted this source giving us evidence that she may have taken this source from a school girl but then possibly changed the source to create an even more anti-protestant view therefore making it biased. We know this could be true because B Devlin was a Catholics Civil Rights spokes person. This source shows no violence, however because the students were being brought up with an anti-protestant attitude this could lead to a future violent scene. My opinion is that this source is unreliable there are no dates apart from when it was written, and the source contains no factual proof. Source E Source E is a nineteenth century protestant cartoon. It was drawn by a protestant artist. The cartoon shows Erin, the lady of Ireland dressed in rags; she holds her head down as if she is ashamed and also looks upset. Erin has been tied up in rope by the Catholic priest; she is being punished. The Catholic priest is dressed smartly, he looks angry and in control of the situation. This source symbolizes the religious tension between Catholics and Protestants during that time period, giving the effect that Catholics have taken charge of all the churches. Does Source E Show Why Violence Broke Out in 1969? This source is biased towards the protestant point of view. The cartoon shows a protestant’s view on how the Catholics treated them, how they took control of all Protestants. They achieve this by giving the effect that protestants are innocent, also that Catholics are rich, evil people who try to make protestant’s lives a misery. During the time this source was drawn, Catholics were against Protestants and were ruling Ireland. This source does not contain violence however it could lead to violence because Catholics would want revenge for the ‘image’ they are known as. I would not trust this source considering that it was drawn by a protestant and effectively tells us that all Catholics are out to get Protestants. Source F Source F is a map showing the Gerrymander in 1966. A Gerrymander is to divide an area into election districts in such a way, as to give one political party an electoral advantage. The map tells us that in 1966 the population of Derry was 30376 people; it goes on to tell the reader that 20102 were Catholics and only 10274 were Protestants, telling us that during 1966 Derry was a catholic dominated area. Does Source F Show Why Violence Broke Out in 1969? Source F is a reliable piece of information because it is a map. From this we know that all the data that is written, is known as fact. The source uses accurate pieces of data involving numbers of the population and dates, as well as giving us a clear view certain roads in Derry; this includes Strabene Road, Irish Street and Urrivady Road. Although this map does not show any signs of violence, it is because of sources like this that we understand why there were Catholic protests in 1969, two years after this source was created. The map contains some writing telling us that more Protestants than Catholics became boundary commissioners because most Catholics refused. A piece of the paragraph then says, ‘The boundaries of the constituencies favored Protestants’ this tells us that the Protestants have Gerrymandered the Catholics. I believe because the catholics refused to become boundary commissionaires, this meant that the Protestants took over their jobs making them more powerful. Because of this, Catholics lost the right to vote, be represented or even buy a house. By 1969 Catholics were tired of Protestants having all the power so they wanted Civil Rights. They showed this by violent and non-violent protests. Concluding my theory this is a truthful source that could lead to violence. Source G Source G is a protestant’s view of Catholics attacking Protestants from 1641. The image shows Catholics dressed in clothes carrying swards forcefully pushing the shamed Protestants that have been stripped of all clothing. The scene shows violence, as there are bodies lying on the floor looking as though they are either in great pain or dead. There are some strong words above the picture; The Catholics are forcing the English Protestants to be Irish ‘turned into the mountains,’ ‘whereof many hundreds are perished,’ The Catholics are testing the Protestants, to analyze whether they are strong enough to become Irish. It goes on to say ‘Now you are wild Irish men as we’ this tells us that the writer believes that Catholics feel so strongly towards their religion that they will do anything for it. Does Source G Show Why Violence Broke Out in 1969? This source is unreliable because it is a drawn picture that only shows a biased point of view. However this does give us a possibly exaggerated image of how the Protestants were treated by Catholics. Source G shows violence drawn 330 years before the troubles of 1969. This source could lead to violence because the Protestants may want revenge, and considering that there were many pictures like this one drawn in the 1600’s we have to understand that these images could have been used as propaganda against the Catholics. It is small things like this that helped toward the outbreak in 1969. Source H Source H is a photograph of Royal Ulster Constabulary offices trying to take charge of an out of control civil rights march on the 5th of October 1968, in Derry. The photo shows a couple of Catholics so they may have been the hard to deal with trouble makers who took it too far, but they are shielding their heads and trying to run away whilst the RUC (Protestants) are in charge. From the source we know that the Protestants used violence to stop this march. But were they forced into using violence? Was it the only way they could get to the Catholic protesters? However from the source we are led to understand that the Catholics are weaponless, and that they are not fighting back. The Catholics have obviously started this march because they are unhappy about the way that they are treated. Does Source H Show Why Violence Broke Out in 1969? Because source H is a photograph we know that it is a fact. However from it, like any photos, we have a ‘snapshot’ from only a few seconds of the whole civil rights march we do not know what happened before or after this photograph was taken. Because of this we can only guess why the RUC had to lead to violence. No one is going to understand who started the fight from this source, or why it lead to what looks like horrific violence. From what we know source H contains violence and as it was taken in 1968 just one year before the outbreak in 1969 this source could of definitely lead to violence. I would say that this source is accurate to some extent but because it is just a few moments worth it is still fairly unreliable. In comparison this photograph is pure fact no matter how much information it can give us. Source I This source is a photograph of a peaceful civil rights march in 1968. underneath the source it tells us the economic demands of the protestors ‘One house, one man, one job’. By this time period all Catholics wanted an equal, civilized society. The picture shows police standing calmly as it seems that there is no trouble to be expected. From the source we can see that the march is a well organized non-violent protest. Does Source I Show Why Violence Broke Out in 1969? Because this is a photo we know that it is a fact, however this photo contains the very opposite to source H. Although the scene looks like a peaceful civil rights protest it could have stormed into violence at any minute, therefore I cannot trust this source. If this protest was created after the march in source H the conditions would have improved; but personally I believe that Source I was taken before source H. I feel this way because after the Catholics had tried to protest in a peaceful manner they were still not listened to, so they would have got impatient and therefore turned to violence to show that they are serious. My theory would also explain why this source the could of led to the trouble in 1969. This source is accurate yet unreliable because we do not have enough data. Conclusion I believe that although not all the sources were entirely reliable, they would all be somewhat useful towards why the troubles broke out in 1969. The only source that I found entirely reliable was source F because it gives us stated facts containing accurate data. Sources H and I are both photographs and although they are both also facts, they contain image proof and dates and to me they show the clearest ideas as to what happened, they are however fairly unreliable because as I mentioned earlier we do not know what happened before or after the photo was taken. Sources D, E and G are all biased, therefore they are not bound to be truthful and are exaggerated facts. Although because of these sources we now know how people were made to think about Protestants and Catholics. We understand that biased points of views were spread about the two different religions as if it were propaganda, this could have also led to some of the violence in 1969. Personally I feel that sources D, E and G show how people have spread thoughts and feelings and brainwashed the rest of the country into civil war, as well as clearly showing the religious tensions that has lead to riots, bombing terrorism and violence. Overall on their own these sources did not give sufficient evidence to tell us why the trouble broke out in 1969, we needed more evidence about why the Easter Rising corrupted. In comparison I feel that when combined the sources are rather reliable.

News Updates on “Tree man” Essay

On January 19, Shurmer (2010), a writer for the Comment News website wrote an article updating the site readers on the ongoing struggles of Richard Pennicuik, better known as â€Å"Tree man. † Since early December of the previous year, Tree man had been living in a gum tree near his house in Hume Road, in the City of Gosnells, as a form of protest and to save the tree from the city council plans to clear the street of any and all mature trees that may cause harm by dropping large limbs. As of the writing of the article, he had been in the tree for 43 days and was experiencing physical difficulties on top of his legal issues as there was a severe heatwave and the high temperatures were causing him discomfort. Entitled â€Å"‘Tree man’ loses hope,† the article chronicled Tree man’s fading optimism caused by heat-induced headaches; the council fining him $5000, as it deemed the platforms that served as his makeshift treehouse were illegal, and forcing him to remove these structures; and the abandonment of an adjacent gum tree by a rotating team who had occupied it for the same cause. A couple of months later on March 13th, a Staff Writer (2010) for Perthnow a local subsidiary of The Sunday Times, wrote a relatively more recent update piece on the Tree man. Asking â€Å"Tree man Richard Pennicuik for mayor? † the report comes on the heels of a stand-off the previous day wherein he still refused to come down from the tree even after policemen and tree-cutting machinery had arrived. Apparently, despite the previous report on his morale and health problems, he had stayed on the tree for another 53 days. The title of the article comes from a comment Tree man had made, saying he had intentions of running for city mayor as the current council he was battling was â€Å"laughable and unworkable. † An analytical comparison of these two Tree man news article updates will be discussed. The first, most noticeable, difference between the two news articles is their marked difference in length, with the first article much longer than the second. Although quantity does not necessarily denote substance, it can be observed that the Comment News article contains relatively more actual facts about the situation than the PerthNow article. In addition, on a related note, it can also be noticed that the former article has more content related to the actual subject, as denoted by the article title, than the latter. As an example to support both of these observations, although Comment News does not include a quote wherein Tree man explicitly stated that he was â€Å"losing hope,† it does mention why this would be the case by including a quote where he said he â€Å"didn’t cope well† with the heatwave headaches and how the $5000 fine would â€Å"ruin his family. † The PerthNow article, on the other hand, only justifies the title mentioning Tree man’s mayoral aspirations with the quote: â€Å"The current regime is laughable and unworkable and I want to get in there, if I have enough supporters, to run the council the way it should be run. † The rest of the article, however, does not mention the issue again and only contains a brief summary of the previous day’s stand-off and another quote from Tree man where he reasserts his stance. The Comment News article does seem to slightly force the â€Å"losing hope† theme though, by briefly mentioning that the street was desolate due to the abandonment of the adjacent gum tree, although Tree man is not mentioned as having an opinion on this. However, this observation still contributes to the discussion of the main subject. Coherence to a specific topic is somewhat of a requirement for any formal article, especially one that is professionally written. The briefness and lack of coherence in the case of the latter article can, however, can be attributed to the writer expecting the reades to already know the details as the situation was already months-long, and there was a climactic update the day before. Both articles do, however, paint Tree man as both a dedicated activist from his acts of defiance, and also a novelty character as the tones of his quotes in the first article are slightly rattled and dramatic and in the second, noticeably vague.He was also described as remaining â€Å"defiantly aloft† despite legal and physical danger, and his lawyer’s protests. References hurmer, J. (2010, January 19). ‘Tree man’ loses hope. Comment News. Retrieved from http://southern. inmycommunity. com. au/news-and-views/local-news/Tree-man-loses-hope/7546357/ Staff Writer. (2010, March 13) Tree man Richard Pennicuik for mayor? PerthNow. com. The Sunday Times. Retrieved from http://www. perthnow. com. au/news/tree-man-richard-pennicuik-for-mayor/story-e6frg12c-1225840398316

The Wonderful War on Drugs essays

The Wonderful War on Drugs essays In recent years the so-called war on drugs has taken over the streets and back alleys of suburban America. It has caused a problem that mirrors the prohibition days of the 1920s and early 30s. Politicians trying to play tough guy, are only contributing to more violence. Their laws have created an underground drug-trade, in which modern drug-dealers have taken the place of the bootleggers of old. The real question is whether or not this war is working. Most people would like to believe that it is, and there are a few statistics that show it has. But just watch any news program, and you will see this war has failed miserably. Drug-related crimes happen constantly in todays society, and in recent years have involved increasing numbers of innocent bye standards. Daily, police officers face ruthless dealers, who would rather shoot at a cop than spend 25 years in prison. On top of all that, there has been no real proof of a decline in drug use among people in America. Is this war r eally the best answer to Americas widespread drug problem? Should the government be allowed to spend billions annually fighting this hopeless war? Looking at this information you begin to realize that, not only does this war affect every person in the U.S., but it is also a war with no winners. War is never pretty, and the war on drugs is no exception. For this war to work it must stop drugs in at least one of three areas. Either by stopping drugs at the border, stopping drug dealers at home, or preventing drug use within the country. Military and law enforcement has failed to accomplish any of these, and it is not because of limited funds. Last year state and federal governments spent $30 billion plus on the battle against drugs(Anony71). This outrageous spending hasnt made a dent in the modern drug-trade. Politicians are trying to a...

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les demoiselles d'avignon essays Classical artists will always be remembered for building the foundations of art. However, there were many revolutionary artists after their time that revolutionized art into what it is today. Impressionists, led by Claude Monet, formed a group of artists originally rejected from the academies to paint in their own "objective reality." They painted art as sifted through their senses; taking into account the environment's affect on an object or placing the focus on everyday activity, the impressionists helped redefine art. While they started the process of the transformation of art, Pablo Picasso advanced it many times over, changing the face of art more profoundly then any other artist. Picasso painted art by what views he saw in his head and imagination, not by how his eyes or other senses interpreted a scene. He shamelessly broke all the classical rules of three-dimensional space, colors, figures and subject matter. In a style called "cubism", Picasso painted one of the most pivota l works of art in history, and began a new era with a single work of art. In Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, he painted his initial attempt at breaking all classical rules and changed the world of painting forever. One aspect of Pablo Picasso's art that distinguishes him from earlier artists is the lack of three-dimensional space displayed in his art. In Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, the five lady figures seem to be enveloped in what might be construed as the background. In contrast to earlier Raphael paintings for instance, where red drapery serves as a frame for Mary and baby Jesus, Picasso's figures appear to be actually wearing the drapery. The far woman on the left appears without clothes, except for the piece of red drapery strewn across the right side of her body. Each successive figure shows her full body with the exception of where the drapery covers her. By redefining the three-dimensional space and forcing the characters to take on the full focus of th...

What can we learn about the structure of the traditional indian Essay

What can we learn about the structure of the traditional indian society from the Ramayana story - Essay Example For instance, respect for teachers and elders are an important traditional value amongst the Indian families. A sage is about to arrive at the palace of King Dasharatha, and this incident reflects something profound about the Indian society. R. K. Narayan writes, â€Å"On a certain afternoon, messengers at the gate came running to announce â€Å"Sage Vishwamitra.† When the message was relayed to the King, he got up and hurried forward to receive the visitor.† (7) A King going all the way to receive a sage. Seems incredible, but that was the value system and even today sages command immense reverence. What it is to be an ideal human being and what is an ideal society? One will not be able to find a better work than Ramayana to find the treasure-house of values. Those are not mere ideals for practicing sitting on the ivory tower! Every value described and defended in the Ramayana stands the test of practicability. That which is not practical, can not be noble or spiritual either. An individual has to play different roles in different stages of one’s life. Donning the human body, Lord Ram has shown to the humanity how to live the divine life. His reign on this Planet Earth has been hailed as Ram Rajya, which means the ideal policy that the human beings can aspire for. The impressionable minds of the youngsters need to be given the correct values. The Sages are embodiments of truth and love. No extraneous considerations are taken into account, and the question of defending Dharma assumes supreme priority, and all other overriding factors are side-tracked. The slaying of demon Thataka illustrates the correct style of imparting the right values to Ram when SageViswamitra was on his way to his hermitage in the thick forest. The demon used to harass the sages performing sacred rituals and plunder the forest wealth. When Vishwamitra orders Rama to slay her, Rama hesitates for a while, whether it is proper to slay a woman! Women

King Henry VIII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

King Henry VIII - Essay Example In 1503, Henry became the Prince of Wales and in that very year his mother and grandmother were gathered unto their forefathers. In the year 1509, his father passed away and he ascended the throne as Henry the VIII (HENRY VIII (r. 1509-1547)). At that time England was an isolated kingdom in Europe. It had limited natural resources. England was surrounded by the sea on three sides. Scotland was to its north. The Scots were inimical to the English they joined forces with France, which was also an enemy of England. His father Henry VII had strived hard to restore independence to England and to enrich it in all respects. In order to achieve these goals, Henry VII had executed his opponents and enemies and annexed their properties in England. He had increased the amount of taxes to enrich the crown. He was disinterested in wars as they depleted the wealth of the nation. His son had totally different ideas in this respect and after his coronation; he adopted novel means to expand the power of England and to make it the greatest power in Europe (Kishlansky). Henry VIII was inimical of France and in the year 1513, he mounted a successful campaign against the French. This infuriated the Scots who waged a war against England. This engagement was famous as the Battle of Flodden Field. In that battle, the armies of Henry established their supremacy over that of the Scots. James IV, the king of Scotland was killed in that battle (Kishlansky). Henry VIII played the role of an arbitrator between France and Spain. He provoked these countries to wage war against each other, in order to assume a superior position in Europe. His subsequent military operations were failures. In the year 1520, Henry met with the king of France, Francis I, in France. Their meeting was a spectacular event in Europe. Despite, the existence of diplomatic relations with each other, they were unable to stop the